Ha maqhubu a Indasteri 4.0 le tlhahiso e bohlale e aparela lefatše, litsamaiso tsa taolo ea metsamao, joalo ka setsi sa bohlokoa se hokahanyang mechini, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le theknoloji ea tlhahisoleseling, li ntse li fetola sefahleho sa indasteri ea sejoale-joale ka botebo bo neng bo e-so ka bo bonoa. Ho tloha ho lihlooho tsa ho beha li-chip tse nang le micron-boemo ba boemo ba lisebelisoa tsa ho paka tsa elektroniki ho isa ho liroboto tse tenyetsehang tsa li-welding tse khonang ho ntša likoloi tse felletseng tse tšeletseng ka motsotso methating e mecha ea tlhahiso ea likoloi; ho tloha ho tse hlano-lisebelisoa tsa mochini oa CNC tse nepahetseng tse ka tlase ho 0.01 mm sebakeng se hodimo-ho ea ho likoloi tse tsamaisoang ka tsela e iketsang (AGVs) tse sebetsang 24/7 libakeng tsa thepa le tsa polokelo{8}}lisebelisoa tsena tse bonahalang li sa tšoane. Sistimi ea ho laola motsamao ha se feela "nerve center" ea{10}}sesebediswa sa maemo a hodimo empa hape ke tekanyo ya bohlokwa ya tlhodisano ya naha ya tlhahiso.
Semelo sa Indasteri: Tsela ea Tsoelo-pele ho tloha ho Phetiso ea Mechane ho ea ho Tšebelisano e Bohlale
Ntho ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ke ho laola lebelo, boemo, kapa torque ea li-actuator (joaloka li-motor le hydraulic cylinders) ho netefatsa ho tsamaea ha lintho tse laoloang ka tsela e reriloeng esale pele. Nalane ea eona ea nts'etsopele ke nalane e khuts'oane ea phetoho ea mahlale a indasteri: Pele ho lilemo tsa bo-1950, lik'hamera tsa mochini le lisebelisoa tsa hydraulic servo e ne e le tsona tse ka sehloohong. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la likhokahano tse thata le ho lokisa liphoso ka letsoho, litsamaiso li ne li lieha ho arabela ’me li ne li e-na le ho nepahala ho fokolang, ho finyella litlhoko tsa lisebelisoa tse bonolo feela tse kang mechine ea masela le mechine ea khatiso. Lilemong tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, ha ho hlaha li-motor tsa DC servo le balaoli ba potoloho ea analog, taolo ea motsamao e ile ea qala ho fetohela ho kemiso ea motlakase, 'me ho tla ha lisebelisoa tsa mochini o laoloang ka lipalo (CNC) ho ile ha tsoela pele ho khothaletsa ho kenella ha eona ho etsa tlhahiso e nepahetseng. Ka mor'a lilemo tsa bo-1980, tsoelo-pele ho thekenoloji ea AC servo le ho ata ha li-microprocessors (tse kang PLCs le DSPs) li ile tsa fetola taolo ea motsamao ho tloha ho "lisebelisoa tse khethehileng" ho ea "sethala sa sepheo se akaretsang," le karohano ea mosebetsi le tšebelisano pakeng tsa li-programmable logic controller (PLCs) le lilaoli tse ntseng li hōla butle-butle. Lekholong la 21st, kopanyo e tebileng ea puisano ea dijithale (e kang EtherCAT le PROFINET), fusion ea sensor (encoder + vision + force sensing), le li-algorithms tsa bohlale ba maiketsetso li hlahisitse moloko o mocha oa litsamaiso tse bohlale tsa taolo ea motsamao. Tsena ha li fetole maemo ka nako ea 'nete feela ho sebetsana le maemo a ts'ebetso, empa hape li fihlella{14}}tšebelisano-'moho le lisebelisoa ka Marang-rang a Marang-rang, 'me e be setsi sa mantlha se thusang theknoloji bakeng sa tlhahiso e bohlale.
Mmaraka oa lefats'e oa taolo ea metsamao hajoale o na le maemo a fapaneng a tlholisano. Likhamphani tsa Europe (tse kang Siemens le Bosch Rexroth), li sebelisa tsebo ea tsona e tebileng ea mechatronics, li laola-CNC ea maemo a holimo le{2}}lisebelisoa tse boima. Baetsi ba Majapane (joalo ka Yaskawa le Panasonic), ba tsebahalang ka ts'epo ea bona e phahameng le miniaturization, ba ipabola likarolong tsa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le liroboto. Likhamphani tsa Amerika (joalo ka Rockwell le Kollmorgen) li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ntlafatseng-mesebetsi ea mantlha joalo ka li-semiconductors le aerospace, e totobatsang bokhoni bo boholo ba ho laola{6}}ka nepo. China, e leng 'maraka o moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa tlhahiso, o fihletse ho nkeloa sebaka ke li-servos ka kakaretso,- le{9}li-PLC tsa morao-rao, le litharollo tse itlhommeng pele lefatšeng-ka liindasteri tse ntseng li tsoela pele tse kang photovoltaics le libeteri tsa lithium ka tataiso ea maano (joalo ka "Made in China 2025") le k'hamphani ea lehae ea Theknoloji. Estun).
Bohlokoa ba Indasteri:-Maemo a Mangata a Tšehetsang Boleng bo Phahameng-Tsoelopele ea Boleng
Bohlokoa ba leano la litsamaiso tsa taolo ea metsamao bo feta hole le katleho ea theknoloji. E boetse e itšetlehile ka matlafatso ea bona e felletseng ea ntlafatso ea ketane ea indasteri, katleho e ntlafalitsoeng ea tlhahiso, le ho theha boleng ba sechaba.
Taba ea pele, e bontša khatelo-pele ea ho rarolla mathata a ntlafatso ea- ea lisebelisoa tsa boleng bo holimo. Sesebedisweng sa ho etsa semiconductor, mohato wa wafer oa mochini oa lithography o tlameha ho tsamaea lisentimitara tse mashome ka motsotsoana ka ho nepahala ha boemo ba nanometer{2}}. Litaolo tsa eona tsa taolo ea ho sisinyeha le likarolo tsa mantlha (joalo ka li-linear motors le li-encoder{4}}tse phahameng tsa qeto) li beha moeli o ka holimo oa tšebetso ea ho etsa li-chip. Ts'ebetsong ea lehare la enjine ea sefofane, phoso ea taolo ea "trajectory" ea sesebelisoa sa mochini oa axis e mehlano e tlameha ho ba ka tlase ho 0.005 mm, ho seng joalo, ts'ebetso ea moea ea blade e tla hloleha. Nakong e fetileng, mofuta ona oa{9}}theknoloji ea taolo ea motsamao o phahameng e ne e le nako e telele e laoloa ke linaha tsa kantle, e sitisa nts'etsopele ea liindasteri tse kang lifofane tse kholo{10}le lisebelisoa tsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa bongaka tsa boemo bo holimo naheng ea heso. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, likatleho tse entsoeng ke bahlahisi ba lehae libakeng tsa bohlokoa tse kang li-servo drive le{12}}lisebelisoa tsa nako ea sebele (RTOS) ha lia fokotsa feela litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa (ka litheko tsa lihlahisoa tse ling li theohile ka ho feta 40%) empa hape li netefalitse ts'ireletseho ea ketane ea indasteri.
Taba ea bobeli, e sebetsa joalo ka "neural bridge" bakeng sa phetoho ho tlhahiso e bohlale. Ka har'a meralo ea Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), sistimi ea taolo ea motsamao e na le karolo ea mantlha "karolong ea tšebetso"-e fumana litaelo tsa tlhahiso ho tsoa ho MES (Manufacturing Execution System), e arola mesebetsi ka metsamao e khethehileng ea makoloi e sebelisa{2}}litaolo tsa taolo ea nako, 'me e etsa loop optimization{3} Mohlala, mehalang e feto-fetohang ea tlhahiso ea likoloi, sistimi e bohlale ea ho laola motsamao ka nako e le 'ngoe e ka hokahanya liroboto tse ngata ho phethela ts'ebetso ea ho tjheseletsa le ho penta bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea likoloi, ho fokotsa nako ea phetoho ho tloha ho lihora tse 'ne ho isa ho metsotso e 10. Kopanong ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa 3C, -taolo ea motsamao e tataisoang e thusa mechini ea ho bea li-chip ho qeta ho beha likarolo le ho li beha ka metsotsoana e 0.1, 'me e nyolla lihlahisoa ho isa ho 99.99%. Tšebelisano ena e sebetsang hantle ea "maikutlo{12}}qeto{13}}ketso" ke tšobotsi ea bohlokoa e khethollang tlhahiso e bohlale ho ea khale.
Ea boraro, e sebetsa e le "enjine e sebetsang hantle" bakeng sa ntshetsopele e tala le e tlase{0}ea khabone. Ka ho laola ka nepo matla a hlahisoang ke enjene le motsamao oa motsamao, litsamaiso tsa motsamao li ka fokotsa tšenyo ea matla haholo. Mohlala, ho nkela li-motor tsa asynchronous sebaka ka li-drive tsa servo mochining oa masela ho ka fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla ka 30%. Litsamaisong tsa ho hlophisa thepa, li-algorithms tsa kemiso tsa AGV tse ipapisitseng le ts'ebeliso ea litsela li ka fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla ka kakaretso ka 25%. Ho feta moo, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea ho laola lintho e boetse e khothalelitse moralo o bobebe{7}}lienjiniere tse nyane le ho potlakisa le linako tsa ho fokotseha ho bolela ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea thepa le sebaka, e leng se lumellanang haholo le litlhoko tsa nts'etsopele ea moshoelella tsa "dual carbon" lipakane.
Ntlha ea bone, e sebetsa e le sebaka sa teko bakeng sa ho kopana ha theknoloji le popontshwa. Ho rarahana ha litsamaiso tsa ho laola motsamao ho li etsa hore e be mokhoa o loketseng oa ho sebelisa-litheknoloji tsa morao-rao tse kang bohlale ba maiketsetso, lisebelisoa tse ncha, le quantum sensing. Li-algorithms tsa ho ithuta ka botebo li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa tokiso e boletsoeng esale pele, ho tsebahatsa mefokolo esale pele ka ho sekaseka data ea vibrate le mocheso. Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa matla tsa silicon carbide (SiC) e ekelitse lebelo la karabo ea li-drive tsa servo ka makhetlo a 10. Quantum gyroscopes e lebelletsoe ho fana ka-tekanyo e nepahetseng ea maikutlo bakeng sa taolo ea motsamao oa sepakapaka. Mokhoa ona oa litloaelo tse fapaneng ha o holise meeli ea mahlale a taolo ea motsamao feela empa hape o khothaletsa liindasteri tse ntseng li hlaha joalo ka liroboto tsa litšebeletso le liroboto tsa bongaka tsa bongaka.
Qetello: Lipina tsa Bohlokoa tsa Bokamoso
Ho tloha phetisong ea mochini nakong ea mouoane ho ea ho tšebelisano e bohlale mehleng ea dijithale, phetoho ea litsamaiso tsa taolo ea motsamao e 'nile ea amahanngoa le sepheo sa batho sa "taolo e nepahetseng." Khahlanong le maemo a matla a tlholisano ea lefats'e ea tlhahiso le tlhokeho e potlakileng ea ntlafatso ea indasteri ea lapeng, litsamaiso tsa taolo ea metsamao ha se feela senotlolo sa ho rarolla bothata ba "ho itšetleha ka thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha bakeng sa-lisebelisoa tsa boleng bo holimo," empa hape ke enjene ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlaolela{2}} tlhahiso ea boleng bo bocha le ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea maemo a holimo{3}ea moruo oa 'nete. Bakeng sa litsebi, sena se hlahisa liphephetso tsa tekheniki (tse kang ho ntlafatsa -litaolo tsa taolo tse hokahaneng tsa axis tse ngata le ho kenya ts'ebetsong bohlale ba morao-rao) le menyetla e mengata ea boqapi (joalo ka taolo e kopaneng ea roboto ea humanoid le moralo oa motsamao oa microgravity bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa sepakapaka). Bakeng sa sechaba, matsete a tsitsitseng a lipatlisiso tsa motheo (joalo ka khopolo-taba ea taolo e sa thekeseleng), likarolo tsa mantlha (joalo ka{7}}likhouto tse nepahetseng hantle le likarolo tsa matla), le tikoloho ea liindasteri (joalo ka tlhophiso e tloaelehileng le nts'etsopele ea talenta) li bohlokoa ho nka bohato peisong ena e itšetlehileng ka tlholisano ea nako e tlang.
Ka nts'etsopele e matla ea liindasteri tse ntseng li tsoela pele joalo ka tlhahiso e bohlale, matla a macha, le biomedicine, litsamaiso tsa taolo ea motsamao ha li sa tla hlola li salla morao{0}-libapali tsa liketsahalo. Ho e-na le hoo, e tla ba theknoloji e hlalosang nako e latelang ea indasteri, e fanang ka bohlale bo boholo, ho tenyetseha, le botsoalle ba tikoloho.
